In familiar, all diseases of the bark can be divided into a handful broad groups:
Pyoderma - a pustular infirmity caused by way of pyogenic bacteria (staphylococcus, streptococcus, etc.). Pyoderma is the most general diseases of the skin of any majority group. These register folliculitis, sycosis vulgaris, furunculosis, carbuncles, hydradenitis, impetigo, and innumerable others.
Fungal infections - fungal diseases caused by pathogenic fungi: pityriasis versicolor, epidermatofitiya groin, epidermatofitiya conclusion trichophytia, rubrofitiya, candidiasis, blastomycosis, etc.
Viral dermatoses caused close different viruses: herpes simplex and herpes, warts, molluscum contagiosum.
Chronic communicable diseases: tuberculosis of the epidermis, leprosy, Lyme disease.
Parasitic diseases - a fairly normal party of coating diseases caused by different pathogens: mites -
mange, demodicosis, lice - lice, leish
mania - leish
maniasis of the skin.
Allergic - a categorize of incrustation diseases caused close to an allergic outer layer answer to something. These comprise allergic dermatitis, toxicoderma, eczema, urticaria.
Neyrodermatozy - diseases caused mainly by changes in the apprehensive system: itchy hull, atopic dermatitis, prurigo.
Psoriasis - the most common long-lasting coat plague that affects as nails and joints. The following types of psoriasis: an expected, exudative, seborrheic, palmoplantar, pustular,
Rosacea (pathology), arthropathic, erythrodermic psoriasis.
Wordy connective tissue condition characterized via lesions of connective tissue file lupus erythematosus, scleroderma and dermatomyositis.
Autoimmune bullous dermatosis - a disability, the solitary or primary morphological mug of which is the froth: pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid, dermatitis herpetiformis Duhring.
Angiitis of the skin (vasculitis) - dermatitis, characterized close to nonspecific irritation of blood vessels of varying degrees. There are polymorphous dermal vasculitis, purpura pigmentosa chronic, knotty angiitis.
Genodermatosis - a transferable crust murrain,
manifested through diverse pathological processes in the skin: ichthyosis, keratoderma, bullous epidermolysis, Recklinghausen's disease.
Disorders of skin appendages (sebaceous glands, trifle and nails) include seborrhea, and the sickness developing as its consequences (eg, alopecia), acne of all kinds.
Dyschromia of the hide constitute a violation of its pigmentation, usually caused by disorders of melanin pigment deposits.
Exchange for tumors of the skin seborrheic keratoses are, cutaneous horn, keratoakantoma, precancer of the pellicle, basal cell carcinoma, squamous carcinoma, melanoma, and fibroma.
Furunculosis (Latin furunculus steam +-osis) - stafilodermiya, characterized close the true
manner of imaginative boils at contrary stages of improvement in different parts of the body. Therefore, the plague is defined as a long-lasting relapsing fomenting process.
The most visit sites of localization boils are the clock (the nose and cheeks), neck, shoulders, hips, buttocks. The murrain mostly develops on areas of veneer trauma, on a par minimal, in the frame of a apart blurry, multiple foci are rare.
Predisposing factors are the uniform as that of a solitary boils (derma contamination, scratches, excessive secretion of sweat and sebaceous glands, etc.), as incredibly as the weakening of the vaccinated significance (failure in neutrophil chemotaxis, hypogammaglobulinemia, immunodeficiency state in appropriateness with thymoma, diabetes, etc ..) Quite ordinarily there are cases where furunculosis is a complication of other skin diseases such as eczema or scabies.
Distinctive boils upon as singular: on the skin wise grievous pustule appears glowing red in color, reaching 3-5 cm in diameter in the prepare of growing, it begins to protrude beyond everything the conical bracing shell, forming a necrotic core. After 10-20 days, the autopsy is the sputter, accompanied by way of copious purulent necrotic mass. The process ends with scarring of the hearth.
The characteristic between take furuncle and furunculosis is that the appearance of multiple boils may weaken the serene: fever may enter into the picture, the passive complained of inexact failing, headaches. Blood tests revealed leukocytosis, accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Accomplishable complications of the infection regularly appear when it is localized on the chief honcho (overlook), neck, meningitis, cerebral sinus thrombosis, sepsis.
Carbuncle - purulent-necrotic inflammation of the hardly locks follicles, which merge to body a free provocative infiltrate. Inveterately develops as a consequence of the same factors that chafe (husk contamination, mayhem, unwarranted e
manating of stew glands, diabetes, etc.). The cancer is localized in the dermis and subcutaneous concatenation, the most frequent duty of appearance formations - the repayment of the neck, shoulders, keester and lower back.
Since the rebellious get ready involves distinct skin of one's teeth follicles, the carbuncle, in discriminate to the sputter, a two necrotic cores. Irritated outside is substantially swells, becomes purplish-red and zealous to the touch. In coequal, there is deterioration of run-of-the-mill requirement of the passive: there is a fever (temperature may ascend to 40 degrees), inconvenience, nausea or vomiting, harsh spasm at the area of localization of inflammation, the patient feels a overall irresoluteness, denial of appetite.
After a inexorable space revealed an inflamed follicle, forming a handful openings which are separated pyonecrotic selection. In its area remains a festering chancre top, which slowly heals (2-4 weeks), and leaves behind a rugged star-shaped scar.
Treatment of carbuncle has a handful areas:
surgical dissection;
antibiotics and injections of antibiotics round the localization of infection (in the prematurely stages of growth), the party of detoxifying;
UHF;
also appointed by proteolytic enzymes, disinfectants, and ointments epiteliziruyutsya (levomikol, baktroban, TOMICID).
Fungal infections (dermatomycosis syn.) a organize of diseases of the strip and its appendages (hair and nails) caused by pathogenic fungi of other genera. They interest a substantial order to each the mycoses.
Total the fungal diseases should prefer to identified a bunch of groups: tinea, keratomikozy, candidiasis, and a group of styled past comprehension mycoses. It also includes a body of psevdomikozov, agents which invade an halfway status between fungi and bacteria.
The most regular integument diseases caused on fungi, are dermatofii, agents which - trihofiton fungi, and mikrosporumy epidermofiton. These classify skin diseases eidermofitiya stop rubrofitiya, trichophytia, crusted ringworm. The most conventional of them tinea pedis - athlete's foot and rubrofitiya. Typically caused near red trihofitonom, they can denigrate not only the hide of the feet and nails, and other shape areas of the skin. Factors contributing to the maturity of fungal feet, are breaches of the rules of special hygiene, sanitary-epidemic regime in basins, showers, etc., where the mushrooms can be big on wet surfaces, in putrescent waters.
Less public keratomikozy - fungal diseases affecting only the side areas of the vein corneum of the epidermis, or cuticle hair. Total the grand keratomikozov pityriasis versicolor, trihosporiyu nodosum.
The do in of the skin, nails and hardy b cold ridges observed in the candidiasis - a murrain caused by fungi of the genus Candida. Infection occurs at near them in heterogeneous ways, including the growth of candidiasis is practical with irrational abhor of antibiotics, corticosteroids and other drugs, unequalled to dysbacteriosis.
The weighty mycoses in Europe are rare - they are character of Africa, South America. Infection occurs when overlay microtraumas. On the veneer, there are miscellaneous bumps, knots, are apt to ulceration. The chance of deep fungal infections is that they strike the deeper layers of pelt, subcutaneous accumulation, underlying muscles and self-possessed bones and internal organs and over leads to death.
Treatment of fungal diseases is carried out using antifungal agents: ointments, creams and solutions (clotrimazole, terbinafine, lotseril, mikoseptin, nystatin, nitrofungin, etc.) and tablets (Lamisil, levorin, Nizoral, Nystatin, Orungal, etc.). If unsympathetic fungus is sometimes required surgery - removal of diseased nail.
Wart - a viral dermatosis caused by particular types of hu
man papillomavirus (HPV).
There are diverse types of warts, depending on the typewrite of go-between: vulgaris (stock) are caused by pathogens of HPV-2 and HPV-3, plantar - agents of HPV-1, HPV-2, HPV-4, the flat - the causative emissary of HPV-3, spiky - agents of HPV -6, HPV-11.
Customary (improper) education are customarily observed in minority and adolescence. They look like pimples corporeal pinkish-gray in color with a strongly thickened, rough pave, whose dimensions break down from 1 mm to 1 cm in diameter. Most often they are placed in the hands (the fingers).
Strand warts are organize first in children and teenaged adults. They are a multiple entire or ovate papules color with a silky emerge, reaching 1-3 mm in diameter. Most often located on the fa‡ade, neck, strongbox, dorsum of hands, can be located linearly, slight superior to before the even of thriving skin.
Plantar can occur at any time eon, they enliven the materialization of micro refrain from extravagant sweating (hyperhidrosis) feet. This is for the most part multiple, lacklustre, stiff to the touch with the production of a rough surface. Some of them definitely throbbing, uniquely those in the strength of lean on during walking.
Genital warts are considered to be diseases, sexually transmitted infections. They are located in the mucous membranes and represent the elements of the nodules, resembling a cock's comb.
Diagnosis of warts is carried out on clinical grounds without difficulty.
Molluscum contagiosum - a viral infection dermatosis.
The causative delegate of molluscum contagiosum is a virus pathogenic in place of hu
mans. The virus is transmitted by direct in (including fleshly) and inclusive of the use of standard items (washcloths, sponges, towels, etc.). The disease is more plain in preschool children. In persons of middle and old period disease provoking factors are long-term treatment of corticosteroids and cytostatics. Sometimes the complaint is accompanied sooner than HIV infection or other diseases, sexually transmitted infections, as an indirect sign of them.
The incubation while is 2 weeks - 2-3 months. The murrain is
manifested about the appearance of the husk penetration of the virus in places, brilliant, translucent nodules of pink or grayish-yellow color. The amount of such nodules ranges from divers mm to 1 cm in the center of the locale detected a slight indentation. When you click on an ingredient from the deepening of the prime allocation is whitish sallow mass.
The integer of emerged nodules may be original: single most located on the disguise, neck, go of hands; multiple can be localized anywhere on the coating and grouped into mini pockets. In the containerize of the virus into the trunk on account of sexual contact molluscum contagiosum time after time localized to the pubic area, genitals, inner thighs. In some patients, the elements wait on to consolidate, transforming into a large tumor-like formations with stormy edges - the so-called "colossus clam".
If untreated, some elements of molluscum contagiosum can vaporize on their own, but the simultaneous rise of modish elements in the previously simulated areas of skin.
Psoriasis (psoriasis vulgaris),
Molluscum contagiosum - a chronic illness of the peel, nails and joints, characterized nearby the show on the coating monomorphic rash. The rash is a slow papules of miscellaneous sizes that have to commingle into liberal pink-red plaques with silvery scales covering white.
At the trice it is one of the most overused inveterate diseases of the skin. It is suggested that psoriasis is affected not solitary the skin, nails and joints, but also some internal organs (eg kidneys). However, this understanding is not scientifically proven.
There are very
many theories with regard to the commencement of the disorder: viral, genetic (genetic predisposition to increased cell proliferation), neurogenic (predisposition of the edgy arrangement) and others.
In psoriatic epidermis revealed acanthosis and papillomatosis on the nose sharply, usual of parakeratosis. Thinned epidermis, consists of two or three rows of cells. In the basal layers of the epidermis and the thorny mitoses found in the papillary dermis - the expansion of capillaries, the frantic infiltrate.
The development of the affliction is characterized before a diversity of start: the disease can start almost undiscovered before the patient with the show of multiple papules and may distinct sudden spread of the skin interface scars. The infirmity is caused by the seasons: thus, the most common "winter" sort with exacerbations during the cold ready, at least - "summer". Also, then there is a mixed breed of exacerbation which arise at any habits of year.
There are a number of forms of the disease: psoriasis fair exudative, pustular, seborrheic, hand-foot, arthropathic, psoriatic erythroderma.
Dermatitis - pelt lesions of an fervid nature, resulting from
man crash on it. There are simple and allergic skin lesions.
The
manifestation of simple dermatitis occurs when exposed to bind stimulus: chemicals (acids, alkalis), physical influence (
maximum or dirty temperatures - a fritter away or frostbite, radiation, mechanical underscore, stirring advised, etc.). The provocative development develops in the film at the placement is strictly stimulus effects, and its inhu
manity depends on the force and uncovering ease stimulus, as
manifestly as the properties of the fleece and the localization of frenzied lesions. There are three stages of the ailment: erythematous, vesicular-bullous and necrotic. If adverse effects on the pellicle is constantly, you puissance congestive erythema, infiltration and desquamation of the skin.
A austere
manifestation occurs without hesitation after communicating to the stimulus, ie develops without the incubation period. The only exceptions are burns, frostbite, prominently areas of excoriate, a clinical artwork that unbelievably hard.
Atopic dermatitis develops as an allergic reaction of delayed type to the stimulus. Allergens are most often chemical substances (detergents, chromium, nickel, insecticides), medication (sintomitsinovaja emulsion and other ointments, which are present in the antibiotics) and cosmetics (eg ringlets dyes).
The clinical double of allergic form of the disease is as follows: the flay reddens without the formation of intelligible boundaries and swells, it formed microvesicles, hemispherical blisters with apprehensible or dim substance, which at the pit of leaving behind a weeping mikroerozii, scales, crusts.
The clinical illustration of atopic dermatitis differs from the uncomplicated fact that the elementary affects the shell, not barely on the effects of stimulus situation, but also extends beyond its effects. In place of illustration, the effects of an allergic compensation to ill-starred mark ink can spread on the gutsiness, neck and unchanging chest. Self-centred feelings of the patient is most time again characterized by way of a pronounced itching.
Itching - a health circumstances in which the enlargement of great worth are changes in the fretful system. Itching - the sense of foreboding that causes the need to comb the skin. Undoubtedly, this identification of drag, but in modified profile, which occurs when a decrepit stimulation of cutaneous nerve endings accountable for pain perception. Some scholars take identified in hu
man skin-specific receptors that sense an itch.
There are two types of pruritus:
physiological arising bites and crawling insects on the shell;
pathology that occurs in diseases.
The causes of itching are a variety of pathological lesions of the upset approach, digestive pattern, diseases of the endocrine essence (diabetes), metabolic disorders (atherosclerosis), and malignant diseases of internal organs, blood, toxemia of pregnancy, worm infestation, a several of skin diseases (eczema, atopic dermatitis, a red lichen planus, scabies, etc.). In definite strip diseases, itching is their however clinical
manifestation. The pathogenesis of pruritus was not significantly planned, but it is known that in its materialization involves neural, humoral, vascular mechanisms.
There are generalized and localized itching.
Generalized pruritus is characterized at near paroxysmal, his seizures regularly occur in the evening and endlessly time. Is intolerable rune, so much a sick skin brushing, plucking the epidermis. Scratches are linear or dot character. In some cases, there is a generalized itching all the time.
Categorize the following subtypes of generalized itching: out of date, high-altitude, solar (mild). An one-time fetter appears in the senile (beyond 60) and is correct to involutional (presenile) processes in the main part including the skin. High-rise is observed when people increase to a height of all over 7000 m overhead sea above-board, it arises as a happen of stimulation of baroreceptors. Suntan is unpaid to prolonged photosensitivity.
A localized pine is characterized at near minimal, it inveterately occurs in the anus, alien genitalia. Etiologic factors such forms are itching confirmed inflammation in the pelvic organs (prostate, adnexitis, etc.), helminth infection, trichomoniasis, enzymatic disorders of the mucous membrane of the rectum, genital changes that surface in menopause. Continued endurance of itching can entice to complications in the form of accession pyococcus infection candidiasis.
In patients with localized skin ulcers observed irritability, sleep disorder authority, loss of appetite.
Atopic dermatitis - a chronic overlay bug of rabid nature, which is characterized through the arrival of erythematous-lichenoid lesions are prostrate to mergers and the composition of foci of papular infiltration and morphological changes of the husk (its seal, a abusing of the calculate).
There are two types of neurodermatitis: meagre and limited. Diffuse is an allergic compensation to the stimulus. It can belief poor nutrition, intoxication, impaired functioning of the internal organs (liver, craving, kidney), the centers of other continuing infections, as grandly as going disorders of the medial disturbed arrangement, autonomic group, disorders of the endocrine countryside (eg, impaired functioning of the pituitary-adrenal axis). The pre-eminent job in the event of this disease are disorders of the in a flap and endocrine systems. It can occur at any age.
The main symptom is the show of diffuse neurodermatitis papules enfeebled pink, subjectively characterized by itching. Papules care for to merge into continuous lesions with resultant lichenification of the skin. Such centers usually are located on the flexor surfaces of the extremities - elbows, knees, wrists, and on the lateral surfaces of the skin. Other changes in the pelt cross someone's mind on the reputation, back and coffer on the skin become visible pink erythema, with no uncloudy boundaries and characterized aside rickety desquamation. The dogged complains of constantly growing itching, scratching causes the lesion sites microtraumas, cracks, color changes in trustworthy areas of the rind, itchy and quite glowing nail panel, looks like polished. Because scratching can ally pyococcus infection. The peel becomes waterless, universal gray.
The assiduous observed the following clinical symptoms: sleep upset, appetency disadvantage, hypotension,
Toxiderma, appreciation, weariness, hypoglycemia, etc. The sedulous becomes prickly, blubbering, perhaps lowering of band weight.
The illness is characterized by a prolonged circuit with a relevant of redness subsided during the summer months. Perhaps the progression of this prepare until the erythroderma. This may be due to an unfavorable lecture of the disease, indelicate treatment, is an irritant to the skin.
Slim neurodermatitis affects limited areas of the veneer, the most frequent localization - nurse and side of the neck, the abrade hither the ankles, in the genital area. Lesions in the meagre form are divided into three zones:
center, the biggest present of which is lichenification of the shell;
Pitiful - that locality of the fleece, which appear shiny papular rash of young appraise;
beside the point, characterized via hyperpigmentation of the skin.
Seborrhea - a disease characterized sooner than enhanced leaking of the sebaceous glands, as good-naturedly as changes in the chemical make-up of sebum.
The etiology of seborrhea is not unclear. Changing the chemical composition of sebum leads to the preventing of bactericidal properties of sebum. As a follow-up, the sturdy microflora of the peel is transformed into pathogenic. The tumult of drip of sebaceous glands are by caused via an imbalance between estrogen and androgen hormones in the direction of the latter. Most often this occurs at the age of 14-25 years.
Histologically, this affliction are observed hyperkeratosis, sebaceous gland hypertrophy, infiltration in all directions from skin appendages and blood vessels. Hypertrophy of the sebaceous glands caused away proscription of the selection sebaceous discharge that occurs as a fruit of enhanced keratinization.
The most frequent sites of localization are those seborrhea coating, where there are the greatest copy of sebaceous glands - the audacity, scalp, box and back. There are three forms of it: a stiffish (thick and running), and droll blended.
If there is a thick flattering seal and reduced ductility of the coating, which becomes brownish-grayish color. On a clogged sebaceous gland epithelial cells rejected impregnated with sebum, - there is a comedo. If the comedo crowd doused of the excretory duct of the sebaceous glands disguise a chock-full congeries of tallow. The hair in this tone of the disease change rough, tough. Complications - boils, abscesses, and folliculitis.
The molten comprise is characterized before fatty losneniem pelt pores greatly expanded, including wealth of sebum released. The locks of the noggin look like oiled, are glued to distinct strands, they detected a corpulent bevy of yellowish scales; viable alopecia. To each the complications make folliculitis, boils, sycosis, impetigo.
Tiresome seborrhea discrete reduced excretion of fat, abundant appearance on the scalp and braids, horny scales. The scales arise, as a rule, or the usually noddle, or in the occipital-parietal jurisdiction, and they are unquestionably separated and dwindle to the clothes. Hair's breadth becomes dry and brittle. In this ilk of disease on the crust perform pink or reddish spots, which can be seen on the surface of
many matter-of-fact scales - seboreidy.
The dry shape of the disease is accompanied nearby self-centred sensations: patients squawk of a opinion of tightening of the pelt, tingling, notably growing after washing with cold water. Mixed seborrhea is characterized sooner than enhanced excretion of sebaceous in the forehead, nose and chin (T-zone) and dry outer layer on the cheeks. On the scalp, increased excretion of fat was observed exclusively in the frontal and parietal regions.